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1. (a) How are the concepts "Ethics" and "Morality" similar? Both Ethics and Morality deal with decision-making. ⚫ They all deal with the issue of right and wrong. (ii) different? Ethics deals with individual decision-making, whereas Morality deals with communal or group decision-making. Ethical issues that relate to right and wrong are subjective in nature, whereas Moral issues that relate to right or wrong are very objective.
(b) Examine four reasons why morality is needed in contemporary Ghanaian society.
Morality is needed in contemporary Ghanaian society to:
i. Ensure that people would lead the kind of lifestyle that would be approved by society. ii. Ensure that the Ghanaian society operates smoothly without chaos or anarchy.
iii. Provide a yardstick for measuring people's behaviour.
iv. Ensure a cordial relationship among people, c.g. families, workers, students, etc.
V. Ensure a cordial relationship between the living and the dead.
vi. Ensure a cordial relationship between people and the divine.
vii. Make life worthy of living and enjoyable.
2. (a) Explain the term "Sexuality".
i. Sexuality is anything that distinguishes a person as either a male or a female.
ii. Sexuality is biologically determined.
iii. Sexuality determines how we behave towards people.
iv. It also determines how we feel about others or about issues.
v. Sexuality defines our attitude about love and sexual relationships
(b) Explain the following concepts, using three characteristics each:
Xenophobia.
Xenophobia is the fear or hatred that people develop against foreigners It is an extreme, intense fear and dislike of customs, cultures, and people considered strange, unusual, or unknown.
The term is derived from Greek word "phobos" which means fear, and "xenos", which means stranger, foreigner, or outsider. It can also mean a guest or a wanderer. Any 3 points x 2 marks
(ii) Stereotyping
Stereotyping refers to the building of an image of something or a person based on our prejudices.
Such images that people form are fixed in nature.
They are over-simplified mental pictures that people make against humans or non-humans. .
For example, a lady who had a broken relationship with her fiancé may consider all other potential suitors to have the same attitude or behaviour.
(c) Describe four steps that could be taken by African Traditional Religious practitioners to
prevent their members from discriminating against other people. Inter-ethnic marriages.
Movement of people to other towns or villages.
iii. Showing hospitality to strangers.
iv. Encouragement of communal living, eg living in compound houses.
V. Sharing of common resources in the community, eg. Market.
3. (a) Discuss three merits and three demerits of "Abortion"
Merits of Abortion
Women have the right to decide what happens to their body. Abortion should be allowed if the woman was raped. .
Why bring more unwanted children into the already over-populated world? When pregnancy comes at the wrong time, the fetus should be aborted.
A severely disabled child will not have good quality life so it must be aborted. Any 3 points x 2 marks
Demerits of Abortion
Abortion is murder because life begins at conception. Unwanted babies could be adopted by childless couple.
Children are a blessing from God.
Abortion denies people their human rights (to live). Abortion can leave mental and physical scars on mothers.
section.
(6 mks)
1. (a) Define the term "LGBTQ".
LGBTQ is an acronym for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer or questioning. These terms are used to describe a person's sexual orientation or gender identity. See below for a more detailed definition of each term.
(b) Explain each of the letters of the acronym "LGBTQ".
LESBIAN
A woman whose enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attraction is to other women.
Some lesbians may prefer to identify as gay or as gay women.
GAY
The adjective used to describe people whose enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attractions are to people of the same sex. Sometimes lesbian is the preferred term for women.
BISEXUAL
A person who has the capacity to form enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attractions to people of the same gender or to those of another gender.
TRANSGENDER
A person whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what he or she was associated with or assigned at birth. Many transgender people are injected with hormones by their doctors to bring their bodies into alignment with their gender identity. Some even undergo surgery.
QUEER
This term is used by some people who decide to change their sexual orientation. Such people question their sexual orientation or gender identity, and they can present themselves as animals. This makes them look queer.
QUESTIONING
Sometimes, when the Q is seen at the end of LGBT, it can also mean questioning. This term describes someone who is questioning their sexual orientation or gender identity.
(c) Discuss three ethical concerns that Christians and Muslims in Ghana have raised against the passage of the LGBTQ Bill into Law by Parliament.
(1) LGBTQ is against the teachings of the Holy Bible/Holy Quran.
(ii) God created man to have sexual relation with a woman.
(iii) God destroyed Sodom and Gomora for practicing "sodomy".
(iv) The practice of LGBTQ has serious health implications.
(V) LGBTQ is an anti-social activity because gays and lesbians cannot reproduce.
(vi) Any other relevant concern raised may be considered.
(b) Explain two negative effects of "abortion" on a Christian or Muslim mother. (8 mks)
(b) Explain four negative effects of "abortion" on the mother.
(1) It can lead to infertility (Mothers' inability to take seed).
(ii) It can cause the destruction and/or removal of the womb.
(i) It can lead to the death of the mother.
(ii) It can bring psychological effect on mothers.
(iii)It can leave physical scars on mothers.
Any 4 points x 2 marks
4. (a) Explain the term "Conscience" and use one example to illustrate your answer.
The definition of Conscience is a personal awareness of right and wrong that you use to guide
your actions to do right. Conscience is derived from the Latin word "conscientia", which means "privy of knowledge". More popular understanding of conscience is that it is an inner feeling or voice that helps people to determine whether a behaviour is right or wrong An example of conscience is the personal ethics that keep you from cheating during examinations
(b) Explain the following types of "Conscience"
(i) Doubtful Conscience
Doubtful Conscience makes us suspend judgement on the lawfulness of an action. It is a Conscience that judges that an act should be considered as sin when in actual fact, it is
not a sin.
(ii)Erroneous Conscience.
Erroneous Conscience judges what is bad as good and vice versa. A false or erroneous conscience tells us that something that is really right is considered to be wrong.
(i) Guilty Conscience.
Guilty Conscience is a feeling of deep regret (usually for some misdeed). It is a feeling of guilt experienced by someone who is aware of having done something wrong.
Eg, she has a guilty conscience about the way she treated him.
(c) Discuss four things that educators can do to support the development of conscience in their students.
(b) Describe four ways by which people pollute the "Environment".
i. Pollution of water bodies like rives and sea.
ii. Emission of exhaust fumes from vehicles.
iii. Depletion of the ozone layer by Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
iv. Cutting down trees to destroy natural habitat.
V. Increasing waste, including non-biodegradable materials.
(c) Explain two African Traditional Religious practices that help to protect our environments.
i. Creation of sacred grooves to protect the forest.
ii. Enforcement of taboos against environmental degradation.
iii. Promotion of proper waste management practices.
iv. Any other appropriate measures to be taken.
4. (a). Explain the term "Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTS)" and identify four
types of these technologies that are practiced in Ghana.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTS) are the procedures involved in handling human eggs and sperms to the stage of producing children. This technology is used for fertility treatment to achieve pregnancy, using procedures such as Artificial Insemination, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), Embryo Transfer and Surrogacy.
(b) Examine four moral implications of the use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies by religious people in your community.
i.From Christian perspective, there is no problem with artificial insemination if the husband's sperms are used to fertilize the egg of the wife. It becomes problematic when a donor sperm is used.
ii. Surrogacy brings a third party into the intimate marital relationship, and this may not be a Christian option.
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